Fruit

(1) Fruit [ Botany ]
Synonym: Seed pod, Seed case

Dictionary of botanic terminology - index of names

A fruit is the ripened ovary or ovaries of a flowering plant, together with accessory parts consolidated with it, containing the seeds and occurring in a wide variety of forms and to some extent assists in the dissemination of the seeds.

Typically a fruit start to develop after that an ovule is fertilized as a result of the process of pollination, the ovary begins to enlarge. The petals of the flower drop and the ovule develops into a seed.

The ovary, together with accessory parts of the flower or other organs ( e.g. scales, bracts, modified branches, perianth, or inflorescence parts.) comes to form a structure surrounding the seed or seeds that is the fruit. Fruit development continues until the seeds have matured.

Fruits may be pulpy or dry and are classified in three basic types:

1. Simple fruit Derived from the ripening of a simple or compound ovary with but one pistil.
2. Aggregate fruit Derived from a flower with numerous simple pistils.
3. Multiple fruit Derived from a cluster of flowers (called an inflorescence).

Dry fruits can also be divided in:

1. Dehiscent Opening to discharge seeds.
2. Indehiscent Not opening to discharge seeds.

The fruit is a complex structure composed of many different parts. Some of the more common terms used for describing a fruit are:

Pericarp: The fruit wall, often composed of three layers: epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp.
Epicarp or exocarp (also called ectocarp) The outermost layer of the pericarp (the skin) .
Mesocarp: The middle layer of the pericarp (the fleshy pulp).
Endocarp: The innermost layer of the pericarp (the stone or pit).
Mericarp. A portion of fruit that seemingly matured as a separate fruit.
Carpel: The basic unit of an ovary formed from one highly modified leaf.
Fruitlet: Any of the unit that make up a schizocarpic fruit
Locule: A chamber or cavity of a fruit.
Pit or Stone: The hardened endocarp of a drupe or drupelet.
Sarcocarp: Any internal fleshy layer of a fruit.
Seed: Mature ovules composed of a seed coat, endosperm, and embryo.
Funiculus: Seed stalk.
Placenta: Region of attachment of seeds on inner fruit wall.
Segment: A division or portion of a fruit. Usually these correspond to the locules.
Septum or Dissepiment.: A partition between two fused carpels.
Valves: The parts of the pericarp (fruit wall) that are separated at dehiscence.
Peduncle: The stalk connecting a fruit to the main stem

Fruit and Seed dispersal:
Dispersal is the natural process of dispersing of plant fruit and seeds over a wide area. There are six common means of dispersal:

Anemochory: Dispersal by wind.
Autochory: Dispersal by physical expulsion, often explosively.
Endozoochory: Dispersal through animal ingestion and excretion.
Epizoochory: Dispersal by attachment to fur or feathers.
Hydrochory: Dispersal by water.
Myrmecochory: Dispersal by ants.

Other term relating to fruit:

False fruit: a fruit-like structure that resembles a fruit but is not derived from a flower or flowers. (for example some gymnosperms, have fleshy arils or fleshy cones that resemble fruits)
Parthenocarpic Of seedless fruit that develops in the absence of pollination/fertilization of ovules.
Acarpous is a plant that does not produce fruit.
Cryptocarp is a fruit which is retained concealed buried inside of the stem of the plant.

(2) Fruit


	*The spore-bearing structure or conceptacles of a plant that does not bear seeds, as of ferns, mosses, algae, etc.*

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Holdfast roots [ Botany ]
Dictionary of botanic terminology - index of names

Some species of climbing plants develop holdfast roots which help to support the vines on trees, walls, and rocks. By forcing their way into minute pores and crevices, they hold the plant firmly in place.

Climbing plants, like the poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata), and trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), develop holdfast roots which help to support the vines on trees, walls, and rocks. By forcing their way into minute pores and crevices, they hold the plant firmly in place. Usually the Holdfast roots die at the end of the first season, but in some species they are perennial. In the tropics some of the large climbing plants have hold-fast roots by which they attach themselves, and long, cord-like roots that extend downward through the air and may lengthen and branch for several years until they strike the soil and become absorbent roots.

Major references and further lectures:
1) E. N. Transeau “General Botany” Discovery Publishing House, 1994