CITES

CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild Flora and Fauna)

Dictionary of botanic terminology
index of names

CITES ( Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild Flora and Fauna) is an international agreement between the Governments of different countries. Its aim is to ensure that the international trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.

External link: http://www.cites.org

This organization maintains a list of endangered species and their level of endangerment. .CITES calls for strict regulation of trade in products related to species threatened with extinction by listing different species on two main appendices. Species threatened with extinction are listed on Appendix I, and international trade is not permitted. Appendix II contains species not immediately threatened with extinction, but which may become so unless trade is subjected to strict regulations.

The CITES Appendices ( External link: http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml )

Appendices I, II and III to the Convention are lists of species afforded different levels or types of protection from over-exploitation

Appendix I lists species that are the most endangered among CITES-listed animals and plants. These are threatened with extinction and CITES generally prohibits commercial international trade in specimens of these species. However trade may be allowed under exceptional circumstances, e.g. for scientific research. In these cases, trade may be authorized by the granting of both an export permit (or re-export certificate) and an import permit.)
Appendix II lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled. It also includes so-called "look-alike species", i.e. species of which the specimens in trade look like those of species listed for conservation reasons International trade in specimens of Appendix-II species may be authorized by the granting an export permit or re-export certificate; no import permit is necessary. Permits or certificates should only be granted if the relevant authorities are satisfied that certain conditions are met, above all that trade will not be detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild
Appendix III is a list of species included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation (see Article II, paragraph 3, of the Convention link). International trade in specimens of species listed in this Appendix is allowed only on presentation of the appropriate permits or certificates.

Succulent plant listed on CITES appendix I and II
(List adjourned at March 2007) for a the complete list see: http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml

Family:	Species in Appendix I	Species in Appendix II
AGAVACEAE (Agaves)	Agave arizonica Agave parviflora Nolina interrata	Agave victoriae-reginae
Family:	Species in Appendix I	Species in Appendix II
CACTACEAE (Cacti)	Ariocarpus ssp. Astrophytum asterias Aztekium ritteri Coryphantha werdermannii Discocactus spp. Echinocereus ferreirianus ssp. lindsayi Echinocereus schmollii Escobaria minima Escobaria sneedii Mammillaria pectinifera Mammillaria solisioides Melocactus conoideus Melocactus deinacanthus Melocactus glaucescens Melocactus paucispinus Obregonia denegrii Pachycereus militaris Pediocactus bradyi Pediocactus knowltonii Pediocactus paradinei Pediocactus peeblesianus Pediocactus sileri Pelecyphora spp. Sclerocactus brevihamatus ssp. tobuschii Sclerocactus erectocentrus Sclerocactus glaucus Sclerocactus mariposensis Sclerocactus mesae-verdae Sclerocactus nyensis Sclerocactus papyracanthus Sclerocactus pubispinus Sclerocactus wrightiae Strombocactus spp. Turbinicarpus spp. Uebelmannia spp.	All cactus species (Except the species included in Appendix I) are included in CITES appendix II
Family:	Species in Appendix I	Species in Appendix II
APOCYNACEAE (Syn: ASCLEPIADACEAE) Elephant trunks	Pachypodium ambongense Pachypodium baronii Pachypodium decaryi	Hoodia spp. Pachypodium spp. (Except the species included in Appendix I)
Family:	Species in Appendix I	Species in Appendix II
BROMELIACEAEAir plants, bromelias		Tillandsia harrisii Tillandsia kammii Tillandsia kautskyi Tillandsia mauryana Tillandsia sprengeliana Tillandsia sucrei Tillandsia xerographica
Family:	Species in Appendix I	Species in Appendix II
CRASSULACEAE Dudleyas		Dudleya stolonifera Dudleya traskiae
Family:	Species in Appendix I	Species in Appendix II
CYCADACEAE Cycads	Cycas beddomei	All CYCADACEAE species (Except the species included in Appendix I) are included in CITES appendix II
Family:	Species in Appendix I	Species in Appendix II
DIDIEREACEAE Alluaudias, didiereas		All DIDIEREACEAE species are included in CITES appendix II
Family:	Species in Appendix I	Species in Appendix II
DIOSCOREACEAE Elephant’s foot, kniss		Dioscorea deltoidea
Family:	Species in Appendix I	Species in Appendix II
EUPHORBIACEAE Spurges	Euphorbia ambovombensis Euphorbia capsaintemariensis Euphorbia cremersii (Includes the forma viridifolia and the var. rakotozafyi) Euphorbia cylindrifolia (Includes the spp. tuberifera) Euphorbia decaryi (Includes the vars. ampanihyenis, robinsonii and spirosticha) Euphorbia francoisii Euphorbia moratii (Includes the vars. antsingiensis, bemarahensis and multiflora) Euphorbia parvicyathophora Euphorbia quartziticola Euphorbia tulearensis	All Euphorbia species. (Succulent species only except the species included in Appendix I. Artificially propagated specimens of cultivars of Euphorbia trigona, artificially propagated specimens of crested, fan-shaped or colour mutants of Euphorbia lactea, when grafted on artificially propagated root stock of Euphorbia neriifolia, and artificially propagated specimens of cultivars of Euphorbia ‘Milii’ when they are traded in shipments of 100 or more plants and readily recognizable as artificially propagated specimens, are not subject to the provisions of the Convention)
Family:	Species in Appendix I	Species in Appendix II
FOUQUIERIACEAE Ocotillos	Fouquieria fasciculata Fouquieria purpusii	Fouquieria columnaris
Family:	Species in Appendix I	Species in Appendix II
LILIACEAE Aloes	Aloe albida Aloe albiflora Aloe alfredii Aloe bakeri Aloe bellatula Aloe calcairophila Aloe compressa (Includes the vars. paucituberculata, rugosquamosa and schistophila) Aloe delphinensis Aloe descoingsii Aloe fragilis Aloe haworthioides (Includes the var. aurantiaca) Aloe helenae Aloe laeta (Includes the var. maniaensis) Aloe parallelifolia Aloe parvula Aloe pillansii Aloe polyphylla Aloe rauhii Aloe suzannae Aloe versicolor Aloe vossii	Aloe spp. (Except the species included in Appendix I. Also excludes Aloe vera, also referenced as Aloe barbadensis which is not included in the Appendices)
Family:	Species in Appendix I	Species in Appendix II
PORTULACACEAE Lewisias, portulacas, purslanes		Anacampseros spp. Avonia spp. Lewisia serrata
Family:	Species in Appendix I	Species in Appendix II
WELWITSCHIACEAE Welwitschia		Welwitschia mirabilis
Family:	Species in Appendix I	Species in Appendix II
ZAMIACEAE Cycads	Ceratozamia spp. Chigua spp. Encephalartos spp. Microcycas calocoma	All ZAMIACEAE species. (Except the species included in Appendix I)
Form more information see: http://www.cites.org

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Holdfast roots [ Botany ]
Dictionary of botanic terminology - index of names

Some species of climbing plants develop holdfast roots which help to support the vines on trees, walls, and rocks. By forcing their way into minute pores and crevices, they hold the plant firmly in place.

Climbing plants, like the poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata), and trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), develop holdfast roots which help to support the vines on trees, walls, and rocks. By forcing their way into minute pores and crevices, they hold the plant firmly in place. Usually the Holdfast roots die at the end of the first season, but in some species they are perennial. In the tropics some of the large climbing plants have hold-fast roots by which they attach themselves, and long, cord-like roots that extend downward through the air and may lengthen and branch for several years until they strike the soil and become absorbent roots.

Major references and further lectures:
1) E. N. Transeau “General Botany” Discovery Publishing House, 1994